• defined contribution plans
    北美HR必读:最新全美401(k)大调查核心发现 核心摘要:数据显示,美国401(k)计划的费用正在持续下降。2023年平均总费用为0.74%,按资产加权计算仅为0.30%。相比2009年,这一费用水平已经显著下降。研究还发现,资产规模超过10亿美元的大型401(k)计划虽然数量不足2%,却持有超过40%的退休资产。 刚到北美做HR,401(k)是绕不开的话题。员工问你匹配比例,CFO问你计划成本,新员工入职问你什么时候可以开始缴。这份由ICI与ISS MI联合发布的2023年全美401(k)大调查,覆盖72万个计划、8300万参与者、近8万亿美元资产,是目前最权威的年度数据。我们帮你把最有用的内容提炼出来。 1. 401(k)有多大?大到不能忽视 截至2024年底,全美401(k)资产规模达9万亿美元,占美国退休资产总量的约五分之一。 这不是一个抽象数字。它意味着:你公司的401(k)计划,是员工退休生活的主要依托;你在计划设计上的每一个决定,都会直接影响员工的长期财务安全感。对于在北美运营的中国企业来说,401(k)不是福利清单上的一行字,而是本地化人才战略能否落地的关键变量。 2. 九成大型计划都有雇主匹配——你的计划呢? 2023年,91%的大型401(k)计划提供雇主缴款,覆盖94%的参与者。这个数字从2007年的85%一路提升至今。 最常见的匹配公式是什么?匹配员工缴款的50%,上限为薪资的6%——也就是俗称的"员工缴6%,公司给3%"。22.7%的计划采用这个公式。其次是"100%匹配员工缴款的前4%",比例为16.5%。 雇主缴款占全部缴款总额的35%,2023年绝对金额达1810亿美元。换句话说,员工每缴2块钱,雇主平均再加1块多。 对HR的启示:如果你公司的401(k)没有雇主匹配,在本地招聘时会是一个明显短板。不需要最慷慨,但至少要符合市场惯例。 3. 自动加入:43%的计划在用,大公司更普遍 2023年,43%的大型计划设置了自动加入功能。规模越大,采用率越高——资产超10亿美元的计划中,超过六成实施了自动加入。 逻辑很简单:员工默认被纳入计划,不想参与才需要主动退出。行为经济学早就证明,这个"默认"设置能大幅提升参与率。 数据也印证了协同效应:有自动加入的计划中,78%同时提供雇主匹配和借款功能;没有自动加入的计划这个比例是73%。好的计划设计,各项功能往往互相强化。 值得关注的政策动向:美国2022年通过的SECURE 2.0法案已规定,2025年后新建立的计划必须强制实施自动加入。如果你公司最近新设计计划,这是必须考虑的合规要求。 4. 借款功能:员工的"流动性安全阀" 81%的大型计划允许参与者借款,91%的参与者所在计划提供此功能。 很多HR担心借款会伤害员工的退休储蓄。但数据显示,未偿还借款仅占401(k)总资产的1%,影响有限。研究反而发现,借款功能的存在有助于提升员工参与率——知道"钱急用时可以借出来",员工对把钱锁进计划的抵触会降低。 5. 投资菜单:平均29个选项,目标日期基金已是标配 大型计划平均提供29个投资选项,其中约13个是股票基金、3个是债券基金、10个是目标日期基金(TDF)。 目标日期基金是过去17年变化最大的品类: 2006年:32%的计划提供,占资产的3% 2023年:90%的计划提供,占资产的33% TDF为什么这么普及?因为它解决了一个真实痛点——大多数员工不懂怎么配置投资,TDF帮你根据预计退休年份自动调整股债比例,省心且合规(是大多数计划的默认投资选项)。 指数基金也已成为主流:97%的大型计划提供指数基金,资产占比达46%。低费率是核心驱动力——指数基金平均费率仅0.06%,而主动管理型国内股票基金为0.31%。 6. 费用:14年来持续下降,但规模差异依然巨大 这是最直接影响员工实际收益的数字。 2023年综合计划成本: 平均每个计划:0.74%(2009年为1.02%) 平均每位参与者所在计划:0.48%(2009年为0.65%) 平均每一美元所在计划:0.30%(2009年为0.47%) 规模差距非常显著:资产低于100万美元的计划平均费率为1.47%,资产超10亿美元的计划仅为0.25%。 费率下降背后有两个主要原因:一是指数基金和CIT(集合投资信托)的大规模应用拉低了投资管理成本;二是竞争加剧倒逼记录保管商降价。 对HR的启示:随着公司规模扩大,记录保管商费率应该主动重新谈判。很多公司在员工规模翻倍后,仍在沿用三四年前谈定的费率,白白多付成本。 7. 谁在管你的计划?保险公司最多,但大钱在资产管理公司 记录保管商(Recordkeeper)是401(k)计划的日常运营核心——负责记录员工账户、处理缴款和提款、发送对账单。 市场格局: 保险公司:覆盖46.7%的计划,但主要服务中小型计划 资产管理公司(含共同基金公司):覆盖32.8%的计划,但管理57.7%的资产,主导大型计划市场 银行、经纪商、纯记录保管商合计不足25% 还有一个值得关注的现象:58%的计划包含记录保管商的自有产品,但这些自有产品只占总资产的26%。说明即使用了某家公司做记录保管,雇主在投资菜单选择上仍有相当大的自主空间。 小结:北美HR最该记住的三点 第一,401(k)设计是招聘竞争力的一部分。 雇主匹配、自动加入、借款功能——这三项是市场标配,缺一项就可能在本地招聘中失分。 第二,计划成本值得主动管理。 规模越大、议价空间越大。定期审查费率、评估是否引入CIT,是HR和财务团队共同的责任。 第三,政策在变,提前准备。 SECURE 2.0法案的若干条款正在陆续生效,2025年新设计划的自动加入要求只是其中之一。建议每年与计划顾问确认合规状态。 如果用一句话概括这份报告最重要的结论,那就是:美国 401(k) 市场正在从“普及期”走向“优化期”。 普及期解决的是,让更多企业有计划、让更多员工参与进来。优化期解决的则是,让计划更低费率、更强默认、更清晰配置、更适合长期复利。费用下降、目标日期基金普及、指数基金扩张、大计划主导,这些看似分散的变化,实际上共同指向一个方向:401(k) 正在从企业福利的一部分,进化为员工长期财富积累的制度基础设施。 数据来源:ICI/ISS MI《A Close Look at 401(k) Plans, 2023》,2026年3月发布。原报告可访问 www.ici.org 获取。 NACSHR 北美华人人力资源协会
    defined contribution plans
    2026年03月12日
  • defined contribution plans
    401(k) limit increases to $24,500 for 2026, IRA limit increases to $7,500 WASHINGTON — The Internal Revenue Service announced today that the amount individuals can contribute to their 401(k) plans in 2026 has increased to $24,500, up from $23,500 for 2025. The IRS today also issued technical guidance regarding all cost‑of‑living adjustments affecting dollar limitations for pension plans and other retirement-related items for tax year 2026 in Notice 2025-67 PDF, posted today on IRS.gov. Highlights of changes for 2026 The annual contribution limit for employees who participate in 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457 plans, and the federal government’s Thrift Savings Plan is increased to $24,500, up from $23,500 for 2025. The limit on annual contributions to an IRA is increased to $7,500 from $7,000. The IRA catch‑up contribution limit for individuals aged 50 and over was amended under the SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022 (SECURE 2.0) to include an annual cost‑of‑living adjustment is increased to $1,100, up from $1,000 for 2025. The catch-up contribution limit that generally applies for employees aged 50 and over who participate in most 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457 plans, and the federal government’s Thrift Savings Plan is increased to $8,000, up from $7,500 for 2025. Therefore, participants in most 401(k), 403(b), governmental 457 plans and the federal government’s Thrift Savings Plan who are 50 and older generally can contribute up to $32,500 each year, starting in 2026. Under a change made in SECURE 2.0, a higher catch-up contribution limit applies for employees aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 who participate in these plans. For 2026, this higher catch-up contribution limit remains $11,250 instead of the $8,000 noted above. The income ranges for determining eligibility to make deductible contributions to traditional Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), to contribute to Roth IRAs and to claim the Saver’s Credit all increased for 2026. Taxpayers can deduct contributions to a traditional IRA if they meet certain conditions. If during the year either the taxpayer or the taxpayer’s spouse was covered by a retirement plan at work, the deduction may be reduced, or phased out, until it is eliminated, depending on filing status and income. (If neither the taxpayer nor the spouse is covered by a retirement plan at work, the phase-outs of the deduction do not apply.) Here are the phase‑out ranges for 2026: For single taxpayers covered by a workplace retirement plan, the phase-out range is increased to between $81,000 and $91,000, up from between $79,000 and $89,000 for 2025. For married couples filing jointly, if the spouse making the IRA contribution is covered by a workplace retirement plan, the phase-out range is increased to between $129,000 and $149,000, up from between $126,000 and $146,000 for 2025. For an IRA contributor who is not covered by a workplace retirement plan and is married to someone who is covered, the phase-out range is increased to between $242,000 and $252,000, up from between $236,000 and $246,000 for 2025. For a married individual filing a separate return who is covered by a workplace retirement plan, the phase-out range is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains between $0 and $10,000. Other phase-out ranges and limitations The notice also provides limitations for 2026 for Roth IRAs, the Saver’s Credit and SIMPLE retirement accounts. The income phase-out range for taxpayers making contributions to a Roth IRA is increased to between $153,000 and $168,000 for singles and heads of household, up from between $150,000 and $165,000 for 2025. For married couples filing jointly, the income phase-out range is increased to between $242,000 and $252,000, up from between $236,000 and $246,000 for 2025. The phase-out range for a married individual filing a separate return who makes contributions to a Roth IRA is not subject to an annual cost-of-living adjustment and remains between $0 and $10,000. The income limit for the Saver’s Credit (also known as the Retirement Savings Contributions Credit) for low- and moderate-income workers is $80,500 for married couples filing jointly, up from $79,000 for 2025; $60,375 for heads of household, up from $59,250 for 2025; and $40,250 for singles and married individuals filing separately, up from $39,500 for 2025. The amount individuals can generally contribute to their SIMPLE retirement accounts is increased to $17,000, up from $16,500 for 2025. Pursuant to a change made in SECURE 2.0, individuals can contribute a higher amount to certain applicable SIMPLE retirement accounts. For 2026, this higher amount is increased to $18,100, up from $17,600 for 2025. The catch-up contribution limit that generally applies for employees aged 50 and over who participate in most SIMPLE plans is increased to $4,000, up from $3,500 for 2025. Under a change made in SECURE 2.0, a different catch-up limit applies for employees aged 50 and over who participate in certain applicable SIMPLE plans, which remains $3,850. Under a change made in SECURE 2.0, a higher catch-up contribution limit applies for employees aged 60, 61, 62 and 63 who participate in SIMPLE plans, which remains $5,250. Details on these and other retirement-related cost-of-living adjustments for 2026 are in Notice 2025-67, available on IRS.gov. https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/401k-limit-increases-to-24500-for-2026-ira-limit-increases-to-7500
    defined contribution plans
    2025年11月14日